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which has been filtered by the hookah at the level of the bowl, inside the water, along the hose and then by the smoker’s respiratory tract itself. Indeed, its ETS is made up almost exclusively by the smoke exhaled by the smoker (EMSS), i.e. Interestingly, one of the distinctive traits of the hookah device is that it generates almost no SSS. Some of the corresponding cigarette studies have served as the scientific basis for stringent legislation on indoor smoking across the world. Cigarette Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) is classically understood as a combination of Side-Stream Smoke (SSS) and Exhaled Main-Stream Smoke (EMSS), both diluted and aged. Hookah ( narghile, shisha, “water-pipe”) smoking is now seen by public health officials as a global tobacco epidemic. A Critical Review of the Relevant Literature and the Public Health Consequences Hookah ( Shisha, Narghile) Smoking and Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS). Radiological dose assessment due to intake of natural radionuclides was calculated and the possible radio-toxicity of the measured radionuclides is briefly discussed. The distribution pattern of these radionuclides after smoking, between smoke, ash and filter, is unknown, except for (210)Po during cigarette smoking and from one existing study during moassel smoking.

The average concentrations of natural radionuclides in moassel tobacco pastes are comparable to their concentration in Greek cigarettes and tobacco leaves, and lower than that of Brazilian tobacco leaves. Consequently, the aim of this study was to draw first conclusions on the potential hazards of radioactivity in moassel tobacco in relation to narghile smoking. Only very few data have been published on the concentrations of natural radionuclides in narghile tobacco mixtures. Tobacco contains minute amounts of radiotoxic elements such as (210)Pb, (210)Po and uranium, which are inhaled via smoking.

Its tobacco pastes, known as moassel and jurak, are not standardized and generally contain about 30-50% (sometimes more) tobacco, molasses/juice of sugarcane, various spices and dried fruits (particularly in jurak) and, in the case of moassel, glycerol and flavoring essences. Narghile ( hookah, shisha, goza, "water-pipe") smoking has become fashionable worldwide. Khater, Ashraf E M Abd El-Aziz, Nawal S Al-Sewaidan, Hamed A Chaouachi, Kamal Radiological hazards of Narghile ( hookah, shisha, goza) smoking: activity concentrations and dose assessment.